Make or Do?
- use make when you talk about something you create
e.g. she made a cake for me
he makes birdhouses
- when we use DO, we talk about an action ypu do, not mention by name; mostly mental work. mostly refered to the topic.
e.g. I do my homework every day
I need to do this project at work
Present perfect + yet/already/just.
- Just: the action happened in a short time ago
- Already: the action happened before you expected
- Yet: until now (negative)
e.g. Are you hungry? - No, I've just had dinner
What time is Bill coming?- He's already arrived
Is Tony here?- No, he hasn't arrived yet.
Present perfect progressive
-Descrive an action that began in the past, continues in the present and may continue in the future.
e.g. I've been reading for 2 hours
We've been studing since 9 O'clock
UNIT 2 THEN AND NOW
Order of adjectives:
- Determiner - Opinion - Size - Height/Lenght - Shape/Weight - Color - Material
e.g. they're fantastic orenge leather shoes.
Used to
- We use the expresion USED TO to talk about things that were true in the past, but are not true in the present.
e.g I used to play videogames all day
We used to go to the park on the weekend
- We use DIDN'T USE TO to talk about things that weren't true in the past but are probably true in the present.
e.g. I didn't use to work full time
(but now I probably do)
So/Too-------------------------------------------------------------Either/Neither
- We use SO,TOO, EITHER and NEITHER to express similarity; to show that we agree with the other person's opinio on something.
e.g. I love chocolate: Me too I don't like opinion: Me neither
So do I Neither do I
I do too I don't either
Use SO or TOO for afirmative sentences
SO+ aux + :)
e.g. I enjoy beach picnics So do I
We used to go to the beach So did we
:) + aux + TOO
e.g. I love vacations I do too
They had a good time We did too
Use EITHER/NEITHER for negative sentences
:) + Neg aux + Either
e.g. I can't swim I can't either
I haven't baked a cake I haven't either
Neither + aux + :)
e.g. Jim isn't going to the beach Neither am I
UNIT 3: BUYING POWER
The vs No article
The: use before nouns of wich there is only one. Before a noun wich has become definite as a result of being mentioned a second time. Before names of seas, rivers. chains mountains, groups of islands and plural names of countries. Before instruments.
e.g. "We saw a good film last nigth, it was the film you recomended"
"The erth is round"
No Article: we don't use an article when we talk about plural nouns when we are talking generally.
e.g. "Dogs are very intelligent animals"
"Companies spend lots of money in advertising"
Indirect Questions: we use indirect questions when we want to make more polite questions. They have an opening phrase before the main question. indirect question do not follow the question word order.
Do you know? Could you tell me?
Can you tell me? Do you have any idea?
For YES/NO questions, include IF/weither after the opening phrase.
e.g. Where can I buy a good computer?
Could you tell me where I can buy a good computer?
Are there any internet cofe's around here?
Do you know if there are any internet cofe's around here?
How much did she pay for the TV?
Do you have any idea how much she paid for the TV?
UNIT 4: TAKING CARE OF BUSINESS
Compound Nouns: words can be combined to for compound nouns. these are very common, and new combinations are invented almost daily. Normally the second Part identifies the object, the first part tell us what kind of objects or person it is.
e.g What type/purpose? What?/Who?
police man = Policeman
boy friend = Boyfriend
water tank = Watertank
dining table = Diningtable
bed room = Bedroom
One word or two words?: there are not clear rules about this- so write the comon compounds that you know well as one word, and the others as two words.
e.g. Noun+Noun Noun+Verb Verb+Noun
bedroom raintall washing mashine
watertank haircut driving license
motorcycle hairdo swimming pool
Have/Get something done: this construction is passive in meaning. it descrives situations where we want someone else to do something for us (as a favor, or as a service we pay for)
HAVE/GET + object that revive the action + Past participle
e.g. I must GET/HAVE my hair cut
When are you going to GET that window replaed?
We are HAVING the house painted
To Get somebody To Do something: the expresion "to have somebody do something" is used to talk about activities performed by a specific subject.
HAVE + :) + do + object GET + :) + to do + object
e.g.
I will HAVE Mike repair my car I must GET my dad to buy me a computer
My father HAD M.r. Johnson paint We need TO GET the teacher to give us a good grade
UNIT 5
Reprted speech: when we report someone's words we can do it in two ways. We can use direct speech with quolation marks ("i work in a bak") or we can use reported speech ("he said he worked in a bank").
In reported speech the tenses word-order and pronouns may be different those in the original sentence.